POST 16: Elephant, a Gus Van Sant movie (2003)

1) What struck you most in the film?

I personally found the visual composition of this film brilliant. I like the way Gus Van Sant develops a minimalistic style throughout the film, because the idea of showing the moments that preceded a massacre in such a simple and neat way (instead of the chaos I thought I would find before I started watching this movie) is, in my opinion, innovative and bright. It struck me (I don't know how to say it in any other way) the lack of elements. I was struck by the predominence of silence, of calm, of easiness all along the movie. We are really thrown into  the very intimacy of each character. It's just another day. Nothing leads us to think something awful is really about to happen.



2) What also impressed you?

I'm impressed by the elasticity time acquires in this movie. Since it constantly introduces and follows new characters, you genuinely can't tell if the whole plot is taking place within the same day. That creates an overall impression of peace and routine, and it took me a long time to truly understand that the whole film was a recapitulation of the events that took place right before the massacre happened, from different perspectives (we even have that corridor scene that was filmed three times, each one of them from a different perspective (John's, Michelle's and Elia's).




3) Did you find anything more particularly upsetting?

There are a few things in this movie I indeed found particularly upsetting. The most important one might be the way teens are portrayed. I believe the way Gus Van Sant perceives teenagers (and therefore the way he transmits it trough this film) is strongly limited by societal stereotypes on what a youngster must look/think/act like. Since this movie allows us viewers to immerse into the daily routine of those who were brutally murdered, we often have access to their conversations. Whilst listening to them, I found it unbelievable how teenagers on this movie are shown as individuals with a striking lack of intellectual abilities. They only seem to talk about, well, "concert tickets", "who is dating who"...we find any possible stereotype of teen issues (some girl might as well be pregnant, a few other girls have an eating disorder because they want to look thin and pretty) but none of that is realistic. Just because the characters are arranged into very specifically categories (jocks, geeks and artsy) that doesn't make them any more stuck-to-reality and it doesn't helps us viewers to empathize with them: we don't feel close to them because, in our minds, they are not fully alive. Instead, they are walking cliches pretending to embody a whole generation.

4)What did you find very disturbing?

I am aware of the fact that this is a small detail that probably didn't shock anyone else among those who were viewing the film in class, but we don't see any type of evolution in the killers' behaviors.I mean,  we know how they bought their supply of weapons, how they were deeply unhappy during their daily routine but we can't truly understand how they went from "misunderstood teenagers" to "mass killers". By just watching the film, we can't know what crossed their minds when they decided to put an end to so many lives. We can't know what happened to their twisted thoughts that made that difference, we don't understand them.  Perhaps that's just what Gus Van Sant wanted to transmit; that it doesn't matter how much you observe an individual, how much time you spend with them, you can't know what's crossing their minds. There wasn't a turning point in Alex and Eric's behavior when they decided they were going to commit those crimes, simply because even if there would have been a visible difference in their attitude, nobody would have noticed. That's why, when watching the film, we feel like the shooters were born with the only purpose of accomplishing those murders. Maybe Gus Van Sant didn't give a clear answer to the question "why" because he couldn't figure out a satisfactory explanation for those crimes. He's just as passive as we are. The filmmaker just tries to narrate a tragedy, instead of justifying it.
I also believe the title itself illustrates this idea. "Elephant" refers to the english expression "elephant in a room", used to describe a situation in which there is a huge problem that might eventually become dangerous but that everyone decides to leave aside, to ignore.

5) What did you find most shocking?

We barely even focus on the two killers! That's pretty impressive I think. The director's choice was to portray the tragedy's circumstances in such a way that Alex and Eric are not even the main characters; because Elephant is not even their story. Is the story of everyone whose life was taken. It took me a long time to realize this; that the two most important people in this tragedy are shown as a disturbance in the storyline, since they are going to put an end to the stories (to the lives) of those who we have followed and whose intimacy we have shared since the very beginning of the film; those whose names were written in a white font with a black background every now and then in the middle of the screen. To sum it up, this is not a story about two murderers, but the story about those who were murdered.


6)What does the film suggests about the two school shooters?

We can witness several times how the two school shooters were being harassed by their schoolmates so, to some extent, the film suggests that the massacre that followed could have come as a consequence of the students' aggressive behavior towards the soon-to-become killers. It is also suggested (in a very subtle way, without any connotation) that the two murderers could have been going through some kind of sexual identity crisis. Nevertheless, that detail is shown as quite irrelevant and does not contribute whatsoever to the plot's development.

7) What's more, what does the film director make clear about the two killers?

This is something I find particularly interesting and that, I think, makes this film a lot more realistic: the filmmaker insists a lot on the fact that these two teenagers were not monsters. One of them is even portrayed as a quite talented young man (he has musical skills) whilst the other one is simply a slacker. Anyways, they are not creatures made of pure evil. If we study carefully their behavior we can see in fact that they are never shown as anything but confused, self-loathing teenagers who seem to have lost control over their own lives and minds and want to take revenge over everyone surrounding them.

8) What kind of approach to the school shooting itself did Gus Van Sant Opt for?

Every time I watch the scene depicting the school shooting itself, I feel like it doesn't belong to reality. As if the characters were living some kind of gloomy fantasy. At the very beginning, before the perpetrators actually started shooting people down, everything happens in slow-motion that makes the viewer feel somewhat untied from reality. We don't realize how dangerous this whole situation really is until one of the killers fires at Michelle. Then everything happens really quickly.
Once the massacre has truly begun, we follow each one of the characters the film has focused on. We witness how each one of them (excepted John) eventually find a horrible death. Through that method, Gus Van Sant wants us viewers to perceive the massacre as something personal: those are characters we know, we've taken a quick glance into their lives, and now they are dying right in front of us and there is nothing we can do to save them.

9) Moreover, what's the main consequence of the realistic treatment he uses? What about the "poetic" touches he instills throughout the film?

The main consequence is that the tragedy becomes a lot more striking and disturbing for the viewer. All along the film we feel everything is so quiet and peaceful...The symmetry and odd beauty of every frame immerses us in a world of stillness and ease. We are living the quiet routine of those teenagers, born and raised in a small town where nothing disturbing ever happens. Everything seems to move in a very poetic and harmonious way, that's why the film feels a bit slow every now and then. Gus Van Sant wants to make beauty out of reality.  That's why, when the shooting finally takes place, it becomes something so violent for the viewer that it's almost unbearable. Every trace of poise and serenity is brutally destroyed as the two murderers execute their carnage. It's like Gus Van Sant wanted to create something perfect and beautiful only to destroy it at the ending of the film. The message he conveys to the audience is that there might be something poetic in our everyday life, but there isn't in such thing as a tragedy. He cannot make it look beautiful and balanced. Because it wasn't.


10) As a conclusion, what must we admit about the way in which the killing and the killers are perceived by the film viewers?

Throughout the movie there is such an intimacy between the characters and the viewer that it feels like we are blending into their universe. We are even able to follow them physically during their long walks in the high school corridors. The lack of action we witness all along the film impregnates us viewers with a deep feeling of stillness and composure. Plus the fact that the events that preceded the massacre are shown in such an aesthetic and poetic way makes it hard for us to believe that the film is going to conclude with something as brutal as a carnage; even once we're familiarized with the two killers and the plans they have made. Killers themselves are also portrayed in a very human way: we can see them performing random acts (playing piano, playing video games, having breakfast...) so it's hard for us to perceive them as inhuman creatures; as monsters. When the killing happens, it puts an end to every trace of calm and easiness in the movie. There are some moments of the killing scene itself that might be considered poetic due to the slow motion or the music in the background (e.g: the scene that introduces Benny and follows him through the school corridors until he gets unexpectedly murdered). Nevertheless, the killing scene is an abrupt return to reality after what seemed a whole movie taking place in a universe of peace and routine.

POST 15: School shootings in the USA

On April 20, 1999, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold grabbed two assault riffles, broke into Columbine's High School in the tiny peaceful community of Littletown, Colorado, and mercilessly shot thirteen of their schoolmates. After that, the killers took their own lives. 





I) The information I find as most interesting in this site can be found here.
This section displays a list of "Those who were killed at Columbine High School", and it allows viewers not only to see pictures of the departed teenagers that were shot to death, but also to click on them and see a brief summary of their lives; lives that were brutally taken by Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris on April 20th, 1999. This specific section of the website allows us viewers to take a quick glance at what seemed to be the life of the average, middle-class youngsters living in the USA, whose only deathly mistake was to attend the wrong high-school, the wrong day. I feel this is somewhat more helpful when it comes to empathize with this tragedy. It becomes unnecesary to read the psychological profile of the perpetrators of these murders. My opinion is that Harris and Klebold were not special at all. They probably were mentally disturbed, as many others (the vestiges of their diaries prove it). There is a bunch of Dylan Klebolds and Eric Harris in every high school; the only difference is that those students mentally disturbed, that we are unknowingly surrounded by, are denied the access to fire weapons; so they are (to some extent) peaceful. There is no way to prove they wouldn't act differently if they had access to guns.
 If we want to keep Columbine High School in the back of our minds and hearts, and to do this in the proper way, it is essential to leave the murderers aside. All we can do now is look back and feel sorrowful for Cassie, Steve, Corey, Kelly, Matt, Daniel, Daniel, Rachel, Isaiah, John, Lauren, Kyle and Dave. Reading about them, about the way they used to live and everything they were forced to leave behind when their lives were unfairly taken, is an accurate way to keep them alive in our memory. And that's why I like so much this webpage.


II)

Pictures and names of deathly victims of Columbine's shootings

Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, perpetrators of the massacre

Map of School shootings in the USA

Supporters grieve at a candlelight vigil after a shooting at Reynolds High School in Troutdale

III)

A promotional poster of "Bowling for Columbine"

I declare myself fond of Michael Moore's films, although I consider him some kind of a hypocrite (I mean, he criticizes in every possible way American's social and governmental flaws although, due to the global repercussion and reputation his documental features have reached, he has become the kind of "American big fish" he complains so much about). Still, I find him delightfully cynical towards his own country and consider Bowling for Columbine a genuine masterpiece. In this documentary Moore explains USA massive school shootings as a consequence of the democratization of fire weapons in America, but he also gives many other reasons. It is a well-known fact that in America nowadays a person doesn't even need to be considered mentally stable to be able to get a gun or even an assault rifle, but... Did you even know that so happens in Canada? However, the rate of violent deaths due to fire guns in Canada is almost non-existent. But...Why? Truth to be told, USA citizens are taught to be scared from their most tender age. They are indoctrinated every time they turn the TV on or dare to read written press. The message is quite clear: the world is a dangerous place. Americans should be scared. Everyone wants to damage their "land of freedom". Thus, they MUST get a gun as quickly a possible (well, a regular assault rifle will do).

 Guns are not even shown as a right, but as a duty. It is borderline stupid, indeed, but that's the way they are taught to think.

Owning weapons is the only way Americans have to feel safe, once government and the media has made them believe that everything they are surrounded by (especially immigrants, let's say it upfront) is trying to hurt them in some way. They crave that false feeling of protection, Michael Moore explains. American people are, to put it in a nutshell, ignorant and fearful, and often manipulated by pro-weapon societies such as the NRA, National Rifle Association, one of USA's most powerful lobbies. 

ALSO: American Horror Story, Murder House. There is a part of this TV show that is loosely inspired on Columbine's High School Massacre. I believe a series about ghosts living in a haunted house might not be the best reference when it comes to illustrate school shootings, but I found this part unexpectedly accurate regarding what those situations must be like.

(as I was unable to find through Blogger's Youtube searcher, here's the video's URL: https://youtu.be/AZ2OlQ56qrU ) 

IV) When it comes to explaining high-schools' massacres, we often blame perpetrator's lack of self confidence, his/her psychological disabilities, or even the fact that they come from broken homes (which is often the case). Nevertheless, I vehemently disagree with those statements. Many teenagers come from broken homes, have an identity crisis or are cruelly-bullied because, who knows, their sexual identity, financial status or something. However, that doesn't make them forcefully able to grab a gun, go to school and start shooting their teachers and classmates just "because", only for the sake of killing. I consider mental illness as an attribute of these shootings, and not the main reason kids are becoming murderers. I believe we are missing the point. Sorry if I got a bit carried away, but I really wanted to make this clear. 

Alfred University's website shows an article about this specific topic, in which many students were asked about what they considered to be school shooting's main cause. Eighty-seven percent of them blame it on a strong feeling of revenge, as school shootings' perpetrators want to take revenge on those who bullied them (once again, if they wanted to take revenge over a minority, what would possibly push them to kill such a large amount of people?!)  This website shows a few other reasons I believe might be a bit closer to the point, such as the fact that those kids do not value life or have witnessed many forms of violence (which might hypothetically lead them to some kind of normalization of death). As we witness in the documentary Bowling For Columbine, people also often associate carnage perpetrators' crimes with the fact that they MIGHT have listened to music that allegedly preaches violence (such as Marilyn Manson's).   Still, I admit such music and/or movies might lead youngsters to some kind of normalization of violence and death, which would make it easier for them to grab a gun and pull the trigger.

We also blame mass school shootings on the fact that nowadays in the USA it becomes astonishingly easier for a teenager to get a firegun than to buy alcohol or cigarettes. That is why many policies from the Democrat political party are based on the promise of guns' restrictions that will make the whole process of buying a gun a lot more selective and long standing. This was one of Obama's campaign most vehement points. Still, without the Congress' agreement, guns' restriction will not be possible. (And as the US Congress is strongly manipulated by pressure groups ("lobbies"), guns' restriction is considered a bit of an utopian ideal.) 

Personal Opinion (once more):

I believe that as long as people feel comfortable by justifying school shootings with such lame reasons as 

-"The kids were bullied at school and craved revenge."

-"They were mental. "

-"They suffered from violence at home."

Well, as long as we are not able to find anything better, things are not going to change. We feel totally 'okay' with giving these reasons, because it makes us feel safe. It makes us feel like nobody near us is likely to commit such terrible acts. It also makes us believe we are not in danger as long as we are not surrounded by bullied, unstable, mental people raised in broken homes and (please read the following ironically), since we are completely able to spot them, there is no reason for us to be scared. I sustain we are wrong. 

A kid able to carry out a school shooting might come from a wealthy, stable family, or not. They might be bright pupils with outstanding grades, or not. They might have anger issues or simply a total disrespect for life mixed with some kind of crippling boredom, which isn't necessarily associated to schizophrenia, bipolarity, depression or any other concrete mental disorder.  Just as some cruelly-bullyied teens are unable to accomplish any kind of violence. If we want things to change for good, our policies must aim a much larger part of the population, and not only teenagers we consider who are likely to commit a crime. Because if we base policies on our preconceived stereotypes on what a violent teenager should look like... Well, basically we're all doomed. 

Also, of course, if USA would stop spreading weapons across the country (making it much harder for anyone to sneak a gun into a school and start shooting people),  that would be a really good place to start.

To sum up, I believe White America is quite sick. 

SPACES & EXCHANGES - Written work on two individual documents Exchanges in Real Spaces & Virtual Spaces

In order to illustrate the notion of "Spaces and Exchanges" through both virtual and real spaces, I have picked two documents: a cartoon illustrating virtual spaces and and a video illustrating real spaces.

Social Media In Real Life, published by cartoonist Sarah See Andersen on her Tumblr Blog which can be found here.

I found this cartoon interesting in order to illustrate this notion, since it represents social media (a virtual space) actually transformed into a real space: a big stage in which the main character is standing. She allegedly shows how social media would be like if it went beyond a mere screen and became everyone's way of communicating in real life, and we realize it's a nonsense. By making the little girl shout in front of a huge crowd something as irrelevant as the fact she just ate a burger, the author makes us aware of how people posting on social media are attention-seekers who are looking forward to make 'public' every tiny detail of their lives.  Nevertheless, the crowd seems somewhat interested about the information given (they randomly shout "like!" and "me too!"). What the author means is, perhaps, that we are focusing too much on virtual spaces although they rarely provide useful information.

The Suburbs official video directed by Spike Jonze, song by canadian-american band Arcade Fire introducing their homonym album in 2010.

This song's lyrics are the following:

In the suburbs I

I learned to drive
And you told me we'd never survive
Grab your mother's keys we're leavin'

You always seemed so sure
That one day we'd fight in
In a suburban world
your part of town gets minor
So you're standin' on the opposite shore
But by the time the first bombs fell
We were already bored
We were already, already bored

Sometimes I can't believe it
I'm movin' past the feeling
Sometimes I can't believe it
I'm movin' past the feeling again

Kids wanna be so hard
But in my dreams we're still screamin' and runnin' through the yard
And all of the walls that they built in the seventies finally fall
And all of the houses they build in the seventies finally fall
Meant nothin' at all
Meant nothin' at all
It meant nothin

Sometimes I can't believe it
I'm movin' past the feeling
Sometimes I can't believe it
I'm movin' past the feeling and into the night

So can you understand?
Why I want a daughter while I'm still young
I wanna hold her hand
And show her some beauty
Before this damage is done

But if it's too much to ask, it's too much to ask
Then send me a son

Under the overpass
In the parking lot we're still waiting
It's already passed
So move your feet from hot pavement and into the grass
Cause it's already passed
It's already, already passed!

Sometimes I can't believe it
I'm movin' past the feeling
Sometimes I can't believe it
I'm movin' past the feeling again

I'm movin' past the feeling
I'm movin' past the feeling

In my dreams we're still screamin'
We're still screamin'
We're still screaming'

I chose this song not only because I find it enriching and beautifully written, but also since it offers a completely different overview of something as traditional (and somewhat boring) as the suburbs that can be found in the peripheral area of every big American city, inhabited by middle-class families. This song begins with a honkey tonk piano, and the first stanza of the lyrics is quite innocent: it illustrates the life of an average suburban family. The lyrics are narrated by a young man evoking his childhood in the suburbs, remembering how sweet and innocent his life used to be before his dreams were forced through the meat grinder of real life. When he was a child, everything from outside the suburbs, such as war, seemed distant and irrelevant ("but by the time the first bombs fell we were already bored"). Now he looks back feeling nostalgic. He realizes everything he believed in back then was meaningless and unreal, but still he would have that rather than the real world he has been forced to discover during his adulthood, in which every trace of beauty is being brutally destroyed. This song introduces a real space through one of his inhabitant's viewpoint, which makes us see the suburbs  in a more complex, yet intimate, way. 

POST 11: SPACES & EXCHANGES: ¿Qué? A cartoon by Nate Beeler (2007)

As we have already reacted together in class to a few Nate Beeler political cartoons concerning USA primaries and focusing on the character of Donald Trump, I thought it could perhaps be more interesting to deal with some cartoons that have an aim other than to denounce Trump and his rising power and influence in the country. There are many controversies right now concerning not only the USA but also a great part of the planet and these cartoons aims to illustrate some of them. 

The Apple company has a worldwide reputation for producing high quality phones, tablets and computers. This firm has, however, an agreement with the FBI which allows their agents to virtually break into a very specific person's device in case they believe this person has done something that goes against the law. To do this, they need the consent of the whole firm; but a few weeks a go the FBI asked Apple the right to break into anyone's electronic devices without having to ask for permission to the company; which Apple denied forthright. This cartoon illustrates the strength of the company (symbolized through the image of an iPhone) when facing the aggressive pressure of the FBI, who wants to symbolically break into that phone. There is a message on the screen, that says "Right to Privacy" along with the icon of the company: a bitten Apple. Still, the screen is starting to get damaged by the huge machine that represents the FBI: the cartoonist thinks that, eventually, the firm might succumb to FBI's pressure. 

There is a massive problem in the United States that concerns all citizens (as long as they want to have an education): College Fees. In American culture, the college or university a person will attend is decisive for his or her future professional career, as a college is a symbol of social empowerment. Someone who will study at an Ivy League University won't have any problem when it comes to finding a good job later on in his life; whilst someone attending a random college will struggle a lot more. Colleges have become a symbol of the social elite; and a family often needs to save money for many years so their child can attend a good college. This cartoon shows a morbid obese man wearing a hospital gown in which we can read "Public Colleges" (hence the man stands for high colleges fees). He is supposed to weigh himself in a balance that says "State Audit"(In America, the State Audit conducts financial and compliance and performance audits, investigations, and special studies to provide the General Assembly, the Governor, and the citizens with objective information about the state’s financial condition and the performance of the state’s many agencies and programs). Public Colleges are supposed to show their fees are lower, or at least that's what the government wants to do in order to satisfy people, but somehow Public Colleges, that are supposed to obey the government since they are public institutions, always  find a way to increase educational fees.  

This cartoon was published by Nate Beeler on 03/09/2007

I) Here, we can see a stereotypical american show presenter or a reporter dressed in an elegant black suit and followed by a tv camera man. The presenter is smiling and holding a mic, and by his words we can see he's getting ready to interview the "300 millionth American". Still, by his side we see a quite poor man, barefoot and wearing stained clothes, who is holding on to his few belongings. He still has a piece of electrocuted fence at his feet, which shows he just crossed the border that separates Mexico and the United States. He asks "Qué?" to the presenter, as he doesn't speak english and therefore cannot understand what he's being told. There is a very strong contrast between these two groups of characters. 

II) Every year, thousands of hispanic immigrants cross the border that separates Mexico and the USA as they crave the land of opportunity that country has become to their eyes; they see it as a possibility to escape the extreme poverty they are surrounded by in their home countries. The immigrants do not come necessarily from Mexico; they come from anywhere in Central and South America and sometimes they have to cross many countries in order to reach Mexico and reach the USA from there. Nevertheless, those immigrants once they arrive to the United States (if they do) must face the fact that they have become an ethnic minority and live in a country that is not theirs, surrounded by a culture they don't truly understand. They have become "foreign Americans"which translates in social exclusion and many difficulties when it comes to, for example, finding a job. This cartoon shows that, nowadays, Americans do not only come from America and that the country is forced to involve in their culture and society people who do not feel, in any way, identified with it. 

III) This cartoon illustrates the notion "Spaces and Exchanges" by showing the crash between two cultures that are being confronted nowadays dure to the massive wave of hispanic immigration in the United States. This confrontation takes place within a limited space: the borders of the country. In this picture, that opposition is visual: the compere is dressed in a very elegant way that contrasts violently with the poverty of the clothes the latino immigrant wears. Also, they do not even speak the same language or understand each other: there is going to be an exchange, but it's going to be really limited since the contrast between the two groups each character represents here is huge. 

  

POST 10 : TATTOOS & GANGS

   

    




-Tattoos nowadays have become a way of obtaining recognition, both from one's self as well as from others. People are able to spread their belonging to a social or cultural group just through a certain design on their skin and by doing so they show they are someone in a society where the individual (with its personality and ideas) gets lost, since anyone is able to share their information on social networks. Globalization is rising in our current society and that implies a standardization of lifestyles, which makes people want to prove they are different from the rest, and a separate from the majority often means joining a minority, that's why people decide to dye their hair blue or get a tattoo in order to be grunge or hipsters. Being special is not enough anymore, you have to claim your differences through your body.
The fact that there are many celebrities getting their skin inked also might increase people's urge to get a tattoo as well, since it's a way of feeling related to them.
 
Alex Turner from the (great) british band Arctic Monkeys showing his tattoo of Sheffield's flower

 

-Young people join gangs for more less the same reasons some youngsters get tattoos and piercings: they want to belong to a group. Still, those who join gangs have an almost painful need to feel they are not alone, whilst the great majority of teens who decide to get a tattoo come from functional families with a social background considered "normal". They might feel the need to prove how free and independent they are, but that's all. Young people who join street gangs are completely torn apart.
They often come from families that were not able to provide them affection and support, which any child needs in order to grow up both physically and mentally healthy, so they look for this kind of support in street gangs. They are like a family to them.
In the years 1990', street gangs have become more and more powerful through the admiration some symbolical celebrities arise in young people. A good example is  the worldwide known rapper Tupac Shakur,  who got his reputation from the fact of representing the ghetto lifestyle and became a myth after being shot to death when he was only 25. Street gangs are attractive to young people.

 


THE NOTION OF POWER

Both street gangs and tattoos make people feel the illusion of being empowered and having the control of their own lives, as they are allegedly against the whole society. They feel like they choose their own power over the power society might have over them, so they can reach a state of freedom and independence that most people won't ever know for as long as they live. That's what pushes them towards the idea of joining a social minority (such as street gangs) or a cultural minority (such as goths or hipsters). Still, nowadays both street gangs and cultural minorities people are  desperately trying to relate to are trivialized. They don't shock anymore a society that is getting used to it. Tattoos and street gangs provide people with a false sensation of power that is slowly fading away, since nobody reacts to it anymore.

The Draw of 'Dead Town' - A Newsweek article (February 16, 2009)

Newsweek Article



I) Gabriel Hinojos used to be member of Florencia 13, on of the most important gangs in Los Angeles. He has belonged there for many years, but still now he has decided to leave behind his lifestyle of crime and misdemeanor by getting out of his street gang, which implies getting all his tatoos removed (as shown in the picture). Now, Gabriel has become "a kind of poster child for leaving behind the gang life".

II) "Ya 'Stuvo" is the tattoo removal center in which Gabriel Hinojos is getting his street gang tattoos eraised from his skin through what he describes as a very painful process. The name, "spanish slang for "that's enough, I'm done with that"" is symbolical, since people usually get their tattos removed when they are ready to leave behind whatever the tattoo means to them, when they feel they are done whith them  (as tattoos itselves often represent something else, something deeper that what is shown and that only few people can fully understand). 

III) In this article, "Black teardrops" refears to the black, tear-shaped tattoo street gangsters get everytime their either kill someone or everytime they are imprisonned. Gabriel Hinojos seems to have several of them, as they have to be removed from the skin under his eye, which seems extremely painful to him. Black teardrops are something street gangsters feel extremely proud of, since they are public demonstrations of how dangerous they can be, of the success they have achieved as gangsters. They get this tattoo on their face so it's easier for them to show-off. 


IV) The fact that Gabriel Hinojos has to visit Ya 'Stuvo more than 45 times in order to get all his tattoos removed (since we assume there are still many visits left before the process is finally done) implies that his body must be, indeed, completely inked since it's taking so long for him to get them eraised. That means he must have been very found of his gang and probably comitted huge crimes several times. Also, it means he is perseverant in his purpose of leaving behind his life as a gangbanger, since he is strong enough to attend more than 45 sessions of tattoo removing. 


V) Getting out of a street gang in L.A isn't easy at all. In fact, the article describes it through a comparison to the process of getting your tattoo removed: "slow, painful, scarring" (line 17).

VI) It is not always possible, as some street gangs doesn't allow their members to leave at all. The text explains, "In street lore, a gang banger can never a really brutal gang like Mara Salvatrucha13" (line 17).

VII) Few street gangs allow their members to leave, and even those that do make people go through a lot, which makes it extremely hard for anyone to ever leave a street gang. A gang banger can only exit his street gang if he has "done the work", which implies comitting some kind of crime and misdemeanor (the gravity of the crimes they force you to commit depends on how aggressive the gang is, I suppose). Most of the time, people have also to serve time in prison. 

VIII) "Escaping the pull of gang life is extremely difficult" means that, once you have belonged to a street gang, your mindset and your lifestyle are so used to it that you can barely imagine your life without everything that implies belonging to a street gang: human decay, social misbehavior and a criminal way of thinking are now so rooted in your person, they almost define your whole identity and now Gabriel can't even imagine life out of his street gang, which makes it really hard for him to build his life up again. He feels the constant need to drive back to his neighbourhood. 


IX) Now Gabriel has presomptly left behind his life as a member of a street gang, government wants him to become a "poster child", an example of good behavior so it can inspire other yougsters to follow the right social path, and the fact that he is invited to sip white wine at the White House with former first lady Laura Bush (which is supposed to be a great honour, a huge condecoration) is meant to show gangsters what awaits them once they leave their life of misdemeanor behind. The last sentence, though , proves that all the efforts government made to show Gabriel as a good example miserabily failed because few months later he had completely forgotten his will to move on and got imprissoned again.

X) This photograph shows Gabriel Hinojos getting his tattoos removed from his skin by a person whose face is not shown. He is wearing sunglasses, so we cannot really see his whole face (which keeps some kind of mistery that shows he belongs to a hidden, a dark part of our society) but his mouth is twisted and we can see he's going though a painful moment. Anthough a part of his skin is actually clean, inkless, we can see how most of his body is still completely covered in tattoos so we can imagine how long the process is going to be, and how much suffering Gabriel is going to have to go though before it's done, and that's how it illustrates this article. This pic is a metaphor of the pain leaving a street gang implies.